ECE Theory, H. Eckardt, L. Felker, 09. Dec. 2005
Albert Einstein Elie Cartan Myron W. Evans
1 Photograph by Alina Hacikjana
Einstein, Cartan
and Evans –
Start of a New Age in Physics?
Horst Eckardt,
Laurence G. Felker,
[original German article to be published online
at: http://www.borderlands.de/inet.jrnl.php3]
Summary
Although physicists have struggled in vain for over a half-century to encompass
all natural
forces
within a unified theory, chemical physicist Myron W. Evans has now succeeded.
Based on the fundamental insights of Albert Einstein and Elie Cartan, Evans’ theory takes
the
geometry of space-time itself as the origin of all forces of Nature. As
Einstein attributed
gravitation to the curvature of space-time, the new theory attributes
electromagnetism to the
torsion
or twisting of space-time. The possibility of reciprocal interactions between
gravitation
and
electromagnetism -- which possibility is denied in current mainstream physics
-- leads to
predictions of new physical effects which could be used to produce power and energy
from
space-time.
Introduction
For centuries, physicists and philosophers sought a unified description
of all phenomena of
Nature.
We know today that the world at the sub-microscopic quantum scale behaves very
differently than our familiar macroscopic experience. In particular, theories of
gravitation
have
been irreconcilable with quantum theory. Therefore, one expects that, if
gravitation
could
be unified with quantum theory, wholly new insights would result. It now
appears that
this
unification has been achieved, but not in the manner expected by previous generations
of
scientists. This unification predicts fundamental new effects – for example,
the production
of
energy (or power) without need for input of other primary energy. This
prediction, among
others,
is creating great interest in professional and scientific circles. We now
review the
origins
of this unification.
Albert Einstein in 1915 published a theory of the gravitational
interaction; he called this the
theory
of General Relativity, and today it provides the basis for our understanding
and
exploration of the cosmos at large. In 1905, Einstein had already produced the
theory of
Special Relativity, which rests upon the well-known postulate of
“constancy of the speed of
light“
in vacuum. During the last thirty years of his life, Einstein looked for a still
more
comprehensive unified theory which could cover all known natural forces. He spent the
years
from
approximately 1925 to 1955 in this search, but did not reach his desired goal.
Since the
discovery
of quantum mechanics in the 1920’s, the majority of physicists busied
themselves
with
this, and not with General Relativity. The fact that quantum mechanics is
consistent
only
with Special Relativity, but not with General Relativity, was overlooked or
ignored. In
addition,
while quantum mechanics is successful in describing the electron sheath of
atoms;
it
is not a suitable theory for the high mass-densities which occur within atomic
nuclei.
Other notable progress toward unified theory in the 20th century
consisted of a unification of
electromagnetism with the weak nuclear force, via an extension of the formalism of
quantum-mechanics.
Gravitation has remained, until today, outside the Standard Model of
particle physics.
Elie
Cartan is less well-known than Einstein. He was a
French mathematician who
exchanged
ideas with Einstein concerning many details of General Relativity. Cartan’s
original
insight was that electromagnetism could be derived, via differential geometry,
from
the
geometry of space-time – more or less in parallel with Einstein’s insight that
gravitation
could
be derived from space-time geometry.
A successful unification, however, was not achieved by Cartan and/or Einstein. The
unification was finally achieved in the year 2003 by Myron Evans who, trained as a
chemical
physicist,
brought fresh insight to the problem. Evans held several academic
professorships
in
and
he now works as a “private researcher“ in his homeland of
conducts
the “Alpha Institute for Advanced Study“ (AIAS), which presents his ideas to
the
public
as a world-wide team or working-group. A popular-scientific presentation is in
[3].
Recently concentrating its work on energy production from the vacuum --
a topic which
established science avoids – the AIAS website generates large interest, as shown by
the
steady
increase in web-page statistics on the AIAS site [4]. Many well-known
universities and
research
establishments world-wide have visited these pages.
1 The four natural forces
To understand the importance of unification, one must start with
knowledge of the quantities
being
unified. It is widely accepted in physics that all interactions in Nature are
manifestations of four fundamental forces. We characterize these briefly as follows:
1. The seemingly separate force-fields generated by electrostatic charge
and
magnetism
were united in the 19th century, largely by Maxwell, into what is now
called
electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic field.
2. The weak nuclear force is responsible for radioactive decay.
According to the
Standard Model of elementary particle physics, the weak interaction is
mediated by
the
W- and Z-bosons, which are “virtual particles“. Neutrinos also are known to be
involved
in the weak interaction. It has been shown that the weak force is essentially
the
same as electromagnetism at very high energies. Thus, these two forces are said
to
be “already united“.
3. The strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together. It is
carried by gluons
and
quarks in combination, although direct experimental proof of their existence
was
not
achieved until recently.
4. Gravitation is the fourth fundamental force, but it does not fit with
the theoretical
picture
of the other three, since it is regarded (after Einstein's General Relativity
theory)
as the curvature of space-time, which does not correspond to a classical force
term.
On the other hand, General Relativity today has been well-tested
experimentally, so that nobody doubts its validity.
2
Unification
If a unified description and formalism could be given for these four
very different forces,
many
new theoretical insights and practical applications would result. In addition,
mutually
reciprocal interactions -- which today’s mainstream physics does not recognize
--
could
then be predicted and used. As we will see later, such interactions open new
possibilities for
power
generation. In view of the urgent global energy crisis, this might be the most
important
application of such a unification.
The first three fundamental forces concern quantum physics (the world
“in the small“), while
the
fourth force (gravitation) applies on all scales, including cosmic orders of
magnitude.
Therefore, the underlying fundamental problem is to unify General
Relativity with quantum
mechanics.
Conventional science has explored essentially three different pathways which
might
achieve this result:
1. Bringing general relativity into quantum physics. The insurmountable
difficulty here is
that
time in quantum physics is treated as a unique continuous parameter, which is
incommensurate with the quantized coordinates of distance (or spatial displacement).
2. Quantization of General Relativity. But the mathematical formalism
for this approach
is
thus far inconclusive, and unable to make reference to experimental tests.
3. Invention of a totally new theory, from which the others follow. The
various “string
theories”
are examples, but they require un-physical high-dimensional spaces (N>10),
and
have not produced testable predictions.
The solution comes, surprisingly, in an unexpected way. By extending the
Einstein theory
along
the lines first suggested by Cartan, Evans shows that
all four fundamental forces are
derivable
from one extended theory. This represents the long-sought Unified Field Theory.
Evans’ approach does not exactly follow any of the three above-mentioned
pathways,
although
it is closest to the third one in the list.
3 Basis for Evans’ theory
To understand the basis of Evans’ theory, we must review the
starting-point of Einstein’s
relativity
theory. Einstein postulated that the presence of a massive body or an energy
distribution in space (which are really interchangeable, according to the famous
formula
E=mc2)
changes the geometry of space. Viewed from right-angles within a Euclidean
coordinate
system, it “creates” a curvature of space (or, more accurately, space-time).
One
can
write this directly as a formula:
R = k T
In which R designates the (tensor of) curvature, T the (tensor of)
energy-momentum density,
and
k is a proportionality constant. The left side of this formula is geometry, the
right side is
physics.
Einstein thus used the geometry of curvilinear coordinates, which goes back to
the
mathematician Riemann. This formula implies that space-time (i.e. the three space
coordinates, and time as the fourth coordinate) is a 4-dimensional continuum (or
manifold)
whose
curvature we perceive as a force (namely gravitation).
Notably, Einstein’s formula did not exploit all possible characteristics
of Riemann’s geometry.
It turns out that R describes only the intrinsic curvature of the manifold; in other words, it is
limited
to describing vectors whose point-to-point variation lies entirely within the
manifold
(see Fig. 1A).
Fig. 1: Curvature and
Torsion
In contrast to this, Cartan employed
considerations of extrinsic curvature.
This means that
vectors
are also allowed to vary within (and normal to) the plane tangent to the
manifold at
any
point (see Fig. 1B). Cartan showed that the extrinsic
curvature of space-time could be
taken
to represent electromagnetism as described by the Maxwell equations.
Unfortunately,
Einstein’s use of the mathematical concept of tensors made the relation
to Cartan’s concept
of
geometry unclear. Cartan used the so-called “tetrad”
to represent the manifold’s extrinsic
curvature.
In the 3-dimensional case, this reduces to a Cartesian-coordinate “triad”,
which
moves
along with a point in space. More exactly said, the tetrad specifies a tangent
space at
each
point of the Riemann manifold. In this way, one maintains at each point a
Euclidean
tangent
space (a so-called fiducial space), which greatly
simplifies the description and
visualization of physical processes (Fig. 2).
Fig.2: Tangent plane at a curved
surface
Despite the value of Einstein’s and Cartan’s
insights, a united theory could not yet be
formulated,
because experimental indications of how to extend Maxwell’s theory in a manner
consistent
with General Relativity were still missing. The crucial connection was found by
Evans around 1990 in the spin field or B(3)
field.
The decisive empirical effect -- the Inverse Faraday Effect (IFE), i.e.
the magnetization of
matter
by a beam of circular-polarized electromagnetic radiation, first observed
experimentally in 1964 -- could not be explained by Maxwell-Heaviside
electrodynamics,
except
by introducing an ad-hoc material property tensor.
However, Evans in 1992 was able to derive the
unified
field theory, which includes general relativity), and thereby inferred the
existence
of a previously unknown magnetic field component -- the B(3) field.
B(3)
is, informally, a general-relativistic correction to classical electrodynamics,
somewhat
analogous
to the general-relativistic correction to Newtonian gravitation needed to
explain
the
perihelion-advance of Mercury.
The index numbers – (1), (2) and (3) -- here refer to the so-called
circular basis; and the
polarization directions B(1) and
B(2) refer to the directions
of transverse polarization of the
field.
Thus a polarization index must be inserted into the Maxwell equations. This
polarization
index
corresponds to the tetrad vectors qa in Fig. 2. Finally, this leads Evans to postulate
that
the geometrical representation of the electromagnetic vector-potential A should
be a
follows:
Aa = A(0)
qa
where
A is the 4x4-matrix of the complete electromagnetic potential, and A(0) is a
proportionality factor. The electric and magnetic fields (combined into the tensor Fa of the
total
electromagnetic field) then emerge directly from Cartan’s
expression for the torsion Ta:
Fa = A(0)
Ta
In this formalism, electrodynamics is completely attributed to the geometrical
torsion of
space-time.
The complete picture, unifying electromagnetism with gravitation, requires both
Riemann curvature and Cartan
torsion. The intrinsic curvature determines
gravitation, and
the
extrinsic curvature (i.e., torsion) determines the electromagnetic field. This
is described in
detail
by suitable field equations in form of Riemann-Cartan
geometry. This theory is now
called
Einstein-Cartan-Evans (ECE) theory, after the names
of its principal authors.
4 Unification with strong
and weak forces
Still to be described is how the remaining two fundamental forces are
represented in the ECE
theory.
If one analyzes the equations of the theory, it is noticeable that it is
formulated for the tangent
space
of the Riemann manifold. The number of basis vectors of this space can be
selected
freely,
it needs not be four-dimensional. Thereby the possibility is offered of
selecting such
bases
which are suitable for the description of quantized action (e.g. electron
spin).
Furthermore Evans derived from Cartan geometry
a wave equation, which is in principle a
nonlinear
eigenvalue equation. Under certain
approximation assumptions. this equation
becomes
linear and predicts discrete stable states. Those are the “quanta” of energymomentum
in
quantum mechanics. All quantum-mechanical theories, in particular Dirac’s
electron
theory, and the strong and weak interactions, can be deduced in this way as
special
cases
of the ECE theory.
If we compare this result with the three conventional paths to
unification referred to above, it
is
noticeable that none of these was actually used. The new theory predicts
quantum effects
without
assuming them (as a postulate) from the beginning. The first two forces
(electromagnetism and weak force) are combined,
the third and fourth turn out to be
derivable
from other considerations. In short, there are no truly “fundamental forces”
because
they
all emerge from geometry!
5 Implications for quantum
physics
The main implication is that quantum theory in its current form is not a
fundamental
description of Nature. In particular, the Heisenberg interpretation and the
Correspondence
principle
are incorrect. The ECE version of quantum physics rests upon a classical, fully
deterministic basis; quantum indeterminacy plays no role. Nevertheless the equations
of
quantum
mechanics (for instance the Schroedinger equation)
are correct and describe
classical
statistical processes. It would be a mark against ECE theory if it did not
predict this
result,
because the equations of quantum mechanics are experimentally verified a thousandfold.
Evans also argues that the Heisenberg Uncertainty relation arose only by
a
misunderstanding, and is not justifiable. All physical mass-points of a field theory are
actually
densities
-- i.e. quanta of matter-energy spread over a volume of space. Thereby the
Planck
quantum
of action is to be divided by the volume, for instance, of the measuring
instrument in
which
two complementary variables (e.g. position and momentum) are measured. The
result
can
become arbitrarily small, i.e. the uncertainty can be reduced to powers of ten
smaller
than
previously believed. An elementary particle, therefore, is neither exclusively
a wave, nor
exclusively a particle, but possesses characteristics of both at the same time.
This sounds fantastic as a theory of physics, but exactly that was
measured already some
years
ago [5]. The experimental refutation of the uncertainty relation was
accomplished by
mainstream
physics.
Fig.3: The Aharonov Bohm effect
As a further example of an effect which was previously difficult to
explain, we consider the
Aharonov
Bohm effect (Fig. 3). Two electron beams are
diffracted by a double gap, at the
screen,
a typical interference pattern is produced. In the diffraction zone is a closed
toroidal
coil.
The magnetic field is circularly closed and thus remains within the coil. If
one now
switches
on and off the magnetic field, in each case two different interference patterns
result.
The closed magnetic field thus has an effect on the electron beams,
although these are not
in
direct contact with the coil. This appears to be a quantum-mechanical “action
at a
distance“,
which has given rise to many confusions and unsound speculations.
This problem is treated in ECE theory as follows. The magnetic field of
the coil creates a
space-time
“vortex” (due to its torsion) which extends into the space outside of the coil
itself.
The pulling effect of this vortex (i.e. the effect of vector-potential
A) is then able to influence
the
electron beams. Thus, the apparent “action at a distance” is reduced formally
to local,
causal
deterministic effect.
Evans points out that torsion is always accompanied by curvature. Since
curvature is
manifested
as gravitational mass, it follows that the spin of all elementary particles
must
contribute
a component to their gravitational mass. From the neutrino one knows this
already
experimentally, even if the standard model fails here. Also photons must
possess a
gravitational mass, which is extremely small, however, and is situated below current
detection
limits.
6 Implications for
technology
Typically, new theories lead to practical applications only after many
years. In the case of
nuclear
fusion, the hope of producing useful power for society’s use remains
unfulfilled even
after
50 years. In contrast, the ECE theory suggests direct applications in diverse
fields -- in
particular,
the urgent question of energy production.
The possibility of a new energy source arises from the reciprocal
interaction between
gravitation and electromagnetism. According to current standard theory (Maxwell
equations)
this
interaction is not possible.
However, the ECE theory predicts that a gravitational field is always
connected with an
electrical
field, and vice-versa [6]; this might be called “electrogravitics”.
The effect has been
known
empirically for decades, of course, but until now has lacked a quantitative
description.
That is now possible with assistance of the ECE theory. This application
should interest the
aircraft
and space industries greatly.
In the area of electrical generators, the unipolar
generator awaited an adequate explanation
since
its invention by Faraday in 1831. This is now completely explainable [7].
Similarly as
with
the Aharonov Bohm effect,
the torsion of space-time must be considered. In this case it
is
created due to the mechanical rotation.
The most interesting technical application involves the extraction of
energy directly from
space-time.
One must understand this as a resonance effect. First the equations of ECE
theory
show that matter can “transduce” energy from the
surrounding space-time (one
sometimes
speaks also of “vacuum”). To accomplish this in practice requires that one
fabricate
a suitable configuration of space-time, e.g. a skillful
mechanical or electromagnetic
arrangement. The configuration must be so arranged that a resonant excitation of
the
material
takes place. One knows from forced mechanical oscillations that, with suitable
excitation
frequency, large amounts of power can be transferred to or from the oscillating
system.
Probably many “overunity” inventions on the
alternative power scene function this way. In
these
cases, the inventors found the resonance mechanism by accident. Therefore, some
experiments are not repeatable, because the fundamental mechanism and critical
system
parameters,
which led to the desired result, are not actually known.
The ECE theory makes it possible to calculate these parameters exactly.
The AIAS group is
presently
studying the excitation mechanism, via numerical solution of the ECE equations.
Experimentally the focus is on resonance excitation in electrical
circuits. If one can obtain
power
in this way, mechanically moving parts (as in generators) are not required; and
due to
the
smallness of the source, each electrical appliance could, in principle, be
fitted with its
own
power supply. The basic components would be cascadeable
up to power station size.
A final application is in medical technology. Nuclear magnetic-resonance
(NMR) tomography
requires
very high magnetic fields, which forces a correspondingly complex design and
construction. Instead one could use the Inverse Faraday Effect (described above) to
generate
the required magnetic fields in the patient. This requires only electromagnetic
radiation
in the radio-frequency range. Large solenoid coils are then not required, and
the
NMR apparatus could be built substantially smaller and cheaper.
7 Implications for
cosmology
The ECE theory also has implications for astrophysics and cosmology.
Expansion of the
universe
is conventionally said to be governed by Hubble’s Law, which predicts that
galaxies
move
away from us all the faster, the further they are distant from us. This is
based on the
red
shift of starlight from the receding galaxies.
However, astronomers have recently found red-shift fluctuations which
cannot be reconciled
with
Hubble’s Law, although this is not publicly discussed. The ECE theory can
explain these
deviations
easily. One can translate the ECE equations into a dielectric model. The
reciprocal
effect between radiation and gravitation is described therein by introducing a
complex-valued dielectric constant. This leads to predictions of refraction of light
and
absorption.
In areas of the universe with high mass-density, the dielectric constant is
larger
than
in areas of low mass -density. The absorption of energy within these areas
leads to an
increased
red shift. Such a model goes far beyond the Hubble model.
In Evans’ theory, the cosmic background radiation accounts for absorbed
radiation energy,
and
is not seen as evidence for the Big Bang, which does not occur in this model.
Instead
there
are expanding and contracting zones of the universe adjacent to each other.
8 Summary
The ECE theory describes a unification of the four fundamental forces,
and their reciprocal
interactions, in a simple unorthodox way. All physics becomes reduced to geometry.
The
quantum
theory is placed on a causal deterministic basis, while statistical description
of
processes
on the atomic level is preserved.
The important points of the ECE theory are the following:
1. Space-time is completely specified by curvature and torsion. All
physics can be
derived,
via differential geometry, from these underlying primordial qualities of spacetime.
2. Curvature is the basis of gravitation, and torsion is the basis of
electromagnetism.
Also, torsion implies curvature, and vice-versa.
3. The ECE theory is mathematically based on differential geometry. It
relies exclusively
on
causal connections and no stochastic processes.
4. The ECE theory rests on three postulates: the curvature postulate of
Einstein and the
two
torsion postulates of Evans within the electromagnetic sector.
5. The insights of Einstein are even more penetrating than they were
believed to be at
first.
Specifically, Einstein’s views that “all physics is geometry” and that “quantum
mechanics
is incomplete” are correct.
6. The
space
of quantum theory is the tangent space of the general relativity.
7. The coupling of electrodynamics with gravitation leads to a large
number of new
applications.
8. In cosmology, there is neither a Hubble Law, nor a Big Bang.
These ideas are difficult for established university scientists to
digest without fundamentally
re-orienting themselves. The Evans theory will receive strong impetus for further
development if it actually succeeds opening new energy sources. Then these ideas
will
become
generally accepted either with or without the support of universities and
research
institutes.
9 References
[1] http://www.aias.us, http://www.atomicprecision.com
[2] Myron W. Evans, Generally Covariant Unified Field Theory, Part 1. Abramis, 2005, ISBN
1-84549-054-1
[3] L.G. Felker, The Evans Equations of
Unified Field Theory, preprint on http://www.aias.us
[4] www.aias.us/weblogs/log.html
[5]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afshar_experiment,
http://www.aias.us/Comments/comments01022005.html
[6] P.K. Anastasovski et al., Development Of The Evans Wave Equation In The Weak Field
Limit: The Electrogravitic Equation, preprint
2003
(http://www.aias.us/pub/electrogravitic2.pdf)
[7] F. Amador et al., Explanation of the Faraday Disc Generator in the
Evans Unified Field
Theory, paper 43 of the unified field series, 2005
(http://www.aias.us/pub/a43rdpaper.pdf)
[Translator’s Note: I have tried to faithfully render the authors’
original ideas into English, but
do not necessarily endorse (nor disagree with) the views expressed or
discussed herein.]